Quantity measurement is one of the four important process parameters (others are temperature, pressure and level). Closed pipe flowmeters are categorized by the technology they use, as follows:
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Differential Pressure Flowmeter (DP)
This is the most common flow technology, including orifice plates, venturi tubes, and sonic nozzles. DP flow meters can be used to measure the flow rates of most liquids, gases, and vapors. The DP flow meter has no moving parts and is widely used and easy to use. However, after the blockage, it will produce pressure loss, affecting the accuracy. The accuracy of the flow measurement depends on the precision of the pressure gauge.
Volumetric flowmeter (PD)
PD flowmeters are used to measure the volumetric flow rate of a liquid or gas. It introduces fluid into the metering space and calculates the number of rotations. Impellers, gears, pistons, or orifices are used to divert fluid. PD flowmeters are highly accurate and are one of several methods for measuring viscous liquids. However, it also produces irrecoverable pressure errors and requires moving parts.
Turbine flowmeter
As fluid flows through the turbine flow meter, the fluid rotates the rotor. The speed of rotation of the rotor is related to the speed of the fluid. The average flow rate sensed by the rotor is used to derive the flow rate or total amount. Turbine flowmeters can accurately measure clean liquids and gases. Like PD flowmeters, turbine flowmeters also produce irrecoverable pressure errors and require moving parts.
Electromagnetic Flowmeter
When a conductive fluid flows through an electromagnetic field, the velocity of the fluid can be obtained by measuring the voltage. Electromagnetic flowmeters have no moving parts and are not affected by fluids. Measuring conductive liquids at full pipe is very accurate. Electromagnetic flow meters can be used to measure the flow rate of a slurried fluid.
Ultrasonic flowmeter
The time-of-flight method and the Doppler effect method are commonly used ultrasonic flowmeters to measure the average velocity of a fluid. Like other speedometers, it is a meter that measures volume flow. It is an unobstructed flowmeter and does not require insertion if the ultrasonic transmitter is installed outside the pipeline. It is suitable for almost all liquids, including slurries, with high precision. However, the fouling of the pipeline can affect the accuracy.
Vortex flowmeter
Vortex flowmeters place a non-streamlined vortex generator in the fluid. The velocity of the vortex is proportional to the velocity of the fluid, and the volume flow is calculated. Vortex flowmeters are suitable for measuring liquids, gases or steam. It has no moving parts and no dirt problems. Vortex flowmeters produce noise and require fluids with higher flow rates to generate vortices.
Thermal mass flow meter
The fluid velocity is measured by measuring an increase in the temperature of the fluid or a decrease in the thermal sensor. Thermal mass flow meters have no moving parts or holes and can accurately measure gas flow. Thermal mass flow meters are one of the few technologies that can measure mass flow, and are also a few technologies that measure the flow of large-diameter gases. 